Abstract: With the vigorous development of rural economy, tractors have entered millions of rural households, and there is a trend of mechanized development in rural areas. Tractors have become an important means of revitalizing the rural economy. At present, the technical level of tractor drivers is relatively low, and agricultural machinery accidents occur from time to time. Therefore, mastering the driving skills of tractors and preventing agricultural machinery accidents has become a compulsory course for drivers.
Keywords: economy; Driving skills; Agricultural mechanization; Smooth and smooth
Chinese Library Classification Number: S219.07 Document Identification Code: A Article Number: 1674-0432 (2011) -07-0165-1
In recent years, with the implementation of subsidy policies for the purchase of agricultural machinery and tools. The total amount of subsidy funds for rural agricultural machinery by governments at all levels has been increasing year by year. The number and quality of tractors are also steadily increasing. Agricultural mechanization has entered a new stage of rapid development. At the same time, the safe driving operation technology of agricultural machinery drivers has become an important issue that cannot be ignored. The operation essentials of a tractor, as the main link of safe driving operation, are essential content that every agricultural machinery driver must learn, know, and master. Next, regarding agricultural tractors, let’s talk about the basic essentials and skills of tractor operation, and share them with our colleagues.
1 Starting
There are three key points to grasp when starting a tractor: first, the size of the fuel gate; The second is the timing to release the brakes; The third is the coordination between the throttle and clutch. When starting, first press the brake pedal with your right foot, press the clutch pedal with your left foot, and shift the transmission to low speed. Then, slowly press the accelerator pedal with your right foot’s forefoot, and slowly release the clutch pedal with your left foot. When there is a change in engine sound or slight shaking of the body, quickly lift your right heel, release the brake pedal, and then slightly press the accelerator pedal. This allows the tractor to start smoothly. The key here is the coordination between the left and right feet. Attention, the process of engaging the clutch should be fast first and then slow. When starting, the clutch should not be lifted forcefully, but the clutch pedal should be slowly released. During driving, be careful not to step on the clutch pedal to avoid early wear of the clutch friction plate. This can prevent the clutch from being in a semi detached state and slow down the wear time of the clutch friction.
2 Shift gears
If shifting from low to high gear, refuel first to increase the speed. Then, press the clutch pedal and quickly turn the gear lever to a higher gear. But if switching from high to low gears, it is necessary to use a two foot clutch and one foot oil control method. That is, first reduce the throttle to reduce the vehicle speed, then release the clutch, quickly shift out, and then lift the clutch pedal to engage in a lower gear. Finally, refuel smoothly and complete the gear shift. When the driver changes gears, they should keep their eyes on the front and not lower their heads to shift gears. Because the moment when a motor vehicle lowers its head to shift gears while driving, accidents are prone to occur. At the same time, it is necessary to maintain a straight body and not swing the upper body casually, so as to naturally relax the upper body. Attention when shifting: Do not look left or right, or look down at the gear lever. Do not forcefully push or pull the gear lever to avoid damaging the gears. When shifting gears, attention should be paid to progressing step by step and not exceeding the gear range. When changing gears, attention should also be paid. When changing the direction of forward or reverse, wait for the power car to come to a stable stop before shifting gears. Changing gears is actually changing the ratio of engine speed to transmission shaft speed. The lower the gear, the higher the gear ratio. The torque and traction also increase. On the contrary, the higher the gear, the smaller the torque and traction. Therefore, during the operation of the tractor, when the movement resistance increases and the traction force needs to be high, low speed gear should be selected. The first and second gears can be used for temporary overload. For example, when going uphill or downhill, low gear should be selected to maintain a uniform speed, and gear shifting is prohibited midway to avoid improper operation that may cause slipping. Low speed gear has low vehicle speed, high engine speed, fast temperature rise, high fuel consumption, and increased driving costs. Therefore, the driving time in low speed gear should be as short as possible. Medium speed gear is a transitional gear from low to high or from high to low. Usually, it is used at intersections, turns, bridges, or when there are difficulties in passage. When the road conditions are good and the engine has sufficient power, high gear should be selected. High speed driving saves fuel, but traffic safety must be ensured. When the tractor is in motion, the driving speed needs to be constantly changed with changes in environmental conditions. Therefore, timely, accurate and rapid gear shifting plays a significant role in extending the service life of locomotives, maintaining smooth driving, and saving fuel.
3 steering
When turning, slow down first before turning. For beginners, they should not make sharp turns while driving at high speeds. If they need to make sharp turns, they must follow the principle of “slowing down, honking, and driving on the right”. When turning a slow turn, you should turn the steering wheel early and slowly, with fewer turns and fewer turns. When turning a sharp turn, you should turn the steering wheel late and quickly, with more turns. When turning a small turn, you can use unilateral braking to assist at low speeds. In addition, when turning, do not approach the inner side too closely. You should turn the steering wheel appropriately according to the size of the curve and the distance between obstacles on the roadside, so that the inner rear wheel can pass smoothly and prevent the rear wheel from colliding with obstacles over the road surface.
4 Reverse
When the tractor is traveling in reverse, it is necessary to use a reversing mirror, maintain concentration, use a low gear and small throttle to slow down, and must balance front and rear, pay close attention to the presence of personnel and obstacles, and be prepared to stop at any time. Firstly, sufficient reversing space should be ensured. If the tractor needs to change direction when reversing and turning, the steering wheel should be turned in the same direction as the intended direction, so that the turning radius of the front of the vehicle turning in the original direction is less than the turning radius of the trailer, and the trailer can change direction. When the trailer turns, turn the steering wheel back to the correct position, so that the front of the vehicle and trailer can reverse in a straight line.
5 Brakes
When braking slowly, first reduce the throttle, brake with the engine, reduce the speed, and use the brake intermittently. When braking urgently, the brake pedal should be quickly pressed, and the clutch should be disengaged immediately to achieve a short stop.
6 Parking
When stopping temporarily, the clutch and brake pedals can be pressed simultaneously to achieve temporary parking. When parking for a long time, press the clutch and brake pedals, then lock the brake pedal and turn off the engine. When parking, pay attention to reducing the throttle first and reducing the driving speed. Press the clutch pedal again, place the gear lever in neutral position, and press the brake pedal to achieve safe parking. After getting off the car, you can use stones or bricks to block the wheels to prevent the tractor from slipping backwards.
《拖拉机驾驶的基本操作》
摘要：随着农村经济的蓬勃发展，拖拉机走进了千万个农村家庭，农村出现机械化发展趋势。拖拉机成为搞活农村经济的重要手段。目前，拖拉机驾驶员技术水平较低，农机事故时有发生。为此，掌握拖拉机的驾驶技巧，杜绝农机事故，已成为驾驶员的必修课。
关键词：经济；驾驶技巧；农业机械化；平稳顺利
中图分类号：S219.07 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1674-0432（2011）-07-0165-1
近年来，随着农机具购置补贴政策的贯彻落实。各级政府对农村农机补贴资金总量的逐年加大。拖拉机数量和质量也在稳步提高。农业机械化进入了新的快速发展阶段。同时，农机驾驶员的安全驾驶操作技术已经作为一个不容忽视的重要课题。拖拉机的操作要领作为拖拉机安全驾驶操作的主要环节，是每个农机驾驶员都必学、必知、必会的内容。下面，针对农用拖拉机，谈一谈拖拉机操作的基本要领与操作技巧，与广大同仁共勉。
1 起步
拖拉机的起步要抓好三个关键：一是加油门的大小；二是放松制动的时机；三是油门和离合器的配合。起步时，先用右脚踩下制动器踏板，左脚踩下离合器踏板，将变速档挂入低速档，然后，右脚前掌徐徐踩下加速踏板，左脚缓慢放开离合器踏板，到发动机声音有变化或车身稍有抖动时，再迅速抬起右脚跟，放开制动踏板，再稍稍踩下加速踏板。这样就可以使拖拉机平稳起步。这里关键在于左脚与右脚的配合。注意，接合离合器的过程应先快后慢，起步时不能猛抬离合器，应该缓慢松开离合器踏板，行驶中，注意不要把脚踩在离合器踏板上，以免离合器摩擦片早期磨损，这样，可以避免离合器发生半分离状态，减缓了离合器摩擦的磨损时间。
2 变换档位
如果低速档换高速挡，先加油，以提高车速。然后，踩下离合踏板，再迅速将变速杆扳到更高档。但如果由高档换向低档，要采用两脚离合一脚控油的方式。即：先减小油门降低车速，然后分离离合器，并迅速摘挡，再抬起离合器踏板挂上低级档位。最后平稳加油，换挡完毕。驾驶员变换档位操作时双目要注视前方，不能低头换挡。因为机动车行驶时低头换挡的瞬间，很容易发生意外事故。同时还要保持身体端正，不能随手摆动上身，使上身自然性放松。换挡时注意：不得左顾右盼，或低头看变速杆，对变速杆不得强推硬拉，以免损坏齿轮。变速时应注意逐级进行，不能超越档位。变换档位时还应注意，变换前进或倒退方向时，待机动车停稳后，方可换挡。变换档位实际上就是改变发动机的转速与传动轴的转速比。档位愈低，速比愈大。扭矩和牵引力也愈大。反之，档位愈高，扭矩和牵引力愈小。因此，拖拉机在行驶的过程中，当运动阻力增大需要牵引力大的情况时，应选用低速档。一档二档可用于临时超负荷。如：上下坡时应选用低档，保持车速均匀，中途禁止换档，以免操作不当引起下滑。低速档车速低，发动机转速高，温升较快，燃油消耗较大，增加了行车费用，所以，低挡低速行驶时间应尽量短。中速档是由低档到高档或由高档到低档的过渡档位。通常，在路口、转弯、桥梁或通行有困难时选用。在路面条件好，发动机有足够的功率时，应选用高速档。高速档行驶速度快，节约燃油，但必须确保交通安全。拖拉机在行驶时，随着环境条件的变化，需要不断改变行驶速度。因此，及时准确迅速地换挡对延长机车的使用寿命，保持平稳地行驶，节约燃油起着很大作用。
3 转向
转向时，应先减速再转向。对初学者来说，更不能在高速行驶中急转弯，如需急转弯，必须遵循“减速，鸣笛，靠右行驶”的原则。转缓弯时，应早转慢打方向盘，少打少回，转急弯时要晚打快打方向盘，多打多回，转小弯时，可在低速下，利用单边制动协助进行。另外，转弯时不要太靠近内侧，应根据弯度大小和路边障碍的距离适当转动方向盘，使内侧后轮能顺利通过，防止后轮越出路面碰上障碍。
4 倒车
拖拉机倒退行驶时，要利用倒车镜，保持思想集中，采用低挡小油门减速，而且必须前后兼顾，密切注意有无人员和障碍物，并随时做好停车准备。首先应保证有足够的倒车空间。拖拉机在倒车转弯时若需改变方向，应使转向盘的转动方向与所要转的方向一致，使正在按原方向转弯的车头的转弯半径小于挂车的转弯半径，挂车即可改变方向。当挂车转向后将转向盘回正，使车头与挂车同向实现直线倒车。
5 刹车
慢刹车时，先减小油门，用发动机制动，降低车速，同时可用制动器间歇制动。急刹车时，应迅速踏下制动踏板，随即分离离合器，达到短距离内停车。
6 停车
暂短停车时，可将离合器和制动器踏板同时踏下，便可实现临时停车。较长时间停车时，踏下离合器和制动器踏板后，再将制动器踏板锁定，发动机熄火。停车时，注意先减小油门，降低行驶速度。再踏下离合器踏板，将变速杆放置空挡位置，踏下刹车踏板，实现安全停车。下车后，可用石头或砖头将车轮抵住，以防拖拉机后滑。
